Industrial Instrumentation
Sensors, transmitters, signals, and calibration — explained for the PLC and controls engineer.
Instrumentation is how a control system senses the real world. This hub pulls together everything from the 4-20 mA current loop to choosing and calibrating transmitters — all framed around how the signal actually reaches your PLC.
Signals & Analog I/O
Pressure, Level & Flow
How a Pressure Transmitter Works
Sensing tech, gauge vs absolute vs differential, ranging, and wiring.
Pressure Transmitter vs Switch
Continuous analog vs a single setpoint — which to use.
Types of Level Measurement
Radar, ultrasonic, hydrostatic, capacitance, and more.
Radar vs Ultrasonic Level
Performance in vapor, foam, and dust — which to choose.
Types of Flow Meters
Magnetic, Coriolis, vortex, ultrasonic, turbine, DP — and selection.
Temperature
Sensors & Calibration
Types of Industrial Sensors
Proximity, photoelectric, and more — with a sensor-to-PLC-input table.
Proximity vs Photoelectric Sensor
Range, target materials, and how to choose.
Inductive vs Capacitive Sensor
Metal-only vs almost-anything detection.
Encoder vs Resolver
Position feedback compared, and how each reads into a PLC/drive.
What Is a Smart Transmitter?
HART and digital protocols, remote config, and diagnostics.
Transmitter & Loop Calibration
The 5-point check, zero/span, as-found/as-left, and verifying at the PLC.