6 articles in this category
Normally open vs normally closed explained — what NO and NC mean for contacts and sensors, when to use each, and the fail-safe rule for E-stops and ladder logic.
Design and diagnose a PLC-controlled star-delta starter with a safe state sequence, feedback proof, timer criteria, overload placement and transition evidence.
Fifty PLC practice problems, six complete ladder-logic solutions, and six Structured Text solutions with I/O contracts, acceptance tests, code, scan traces, grading criteria, and vendor-dialect notes.
Build and test motor start/stop ladder logic with a seal-in contact, stop-dominant behavior, overload feedback, restart tests and simulator practice.
Compare Python and ladder logic for industrial automation. See where each runs, a safe hybrid architecture, code examples, limits, and selection criteria.
Compare Ladder Diagram and Function Block Diagram on the same motor and process-control tasks, including scan behavior, maintainability and vendor boundaries.